Stem cells produce growth factors and cytokines to initial a myriad of cellular responses to repair the body when damage occurs. When we advance in age, stem cells start to fail and stop producing necessary growth factors and cytokines for cellular repair and regeneration. These Growth Factors and Cytokines are paracrine signals that are produced by stem cells, to modulate cellular communication, detoxification, self- repair and cellular regeneration and total rejuvenate stem cell to their most potent state.

Ageing is when there is a reduced in tissue and organ function, regenerative capacity and accompanied by a decrease in tissue resident stem cell numbers and a loss of potency. Hence, this caused an impact of the extracellular matrix (ECM) on stem cell maintenance. Stem cells are highly dependent on ECM signaling for their viability and function. Stem cells require a fitting ECM for integration and proper differentiation to promote regeneration and repair of tissues.

In addition, different stem cell types may require different ECM clues to provide the intended benefits. A hospitable ECM is often not readily available in aged and diseased organs, approaches for therapeutic ECM modification need to be developed. These approaches include the direct intervention into the cytoarchitecture by matrix modulating enzymes, through the establishment of a milieu that promotes ECM remodeling and reduces inflammatory events.

Ultimately, stem cells may be provided in a pre- established synthetic or biological scaffold to mimic the matrix environment and provides instructive clues to stem cells. The survival of stem cells beyond a critical time may provide these cells to autologously generate an ECM and niche sufficient for viable integration.